Baseline qualities
7 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Fifteen studied dietary sources of calcium (n=810 calcium, n=723 controls),16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 and 51 studied calcium supplements (n=6547 calcium, n=5710 controls).7 12 13 14 15 17 19 20 21 22 26 28 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Table 1 ? shows study design and selected baseline characteristics for included studies of dietary calcium. Tables 2 and 3 show the study design and selected baseline characteristics for trials of calcium supplements, without and with additional vitamin D, respectively. ? ? Further details are in tables A-C in appendix 2. Of the 15 randomised controlled trials of dietary sources of calcium, 10 used milk or milk powder, two used dairy products, and three used hydroxyapatite preparations. Of the 51 trials of calcium supplements, 36 studied calcium monotherapy, 13 co-administered CaD, and two were multi-arm studies of both. Table 4 summarises other features of the trials ? . Most of them studied calcium without vitamin D in women aged <70 living in the community; the mean baseline dietary calcium intake was <800 mg/day; and most trials lasted ?2 years. A calcium dose of >500 mg/day was used in most trials, but a higher proportion of trials of calcium supplements used a dose of ?1000 mg/day. Table C in appendix 2 shows our assessment of risk of bias. Of the 15 trials of dietary sources of calcium, we assessed two as low risk of bias, six as moderate risk, and seven as high risk. Of the 51 trials of calcium supplements, we assessed 19 as low risk of bias, 12 as moderate risk, and 20 as high risk.
Model of randomised regulated trials and you can selected standard features from qualified examples off calcium supplements that also used vitamin D capsules
Top analyses
Desk 5 ? summarises the outcome of your meta-analyses. Increasing calcium supplements consumption out-of weight loss sources increased BMD because of the 0.6-step one.0% during the complete stylish and you can total looks within 12 months http://datingranking.net/tr/hinge-inceleme and by the 0.7-1.8% on web sites in addition to lumbar lower back and you may femoral shoulder at 2 years (figs step 1 and dos ? ? . There’s zero affect BMD during the forearm.
Fig step 1 Arbitrary outcomes meta-investigation of effect of weightloss sourced elements of calcium towards fee transform when you look at the bone mineral density (BMD) out-of standard on 1 year
Fig dos Haphazard effects meta-study out-of effect of weightloss types of calcium supplements to the percentage changes inside limbs nutrient thickness (BMD) of standard during the 24 months
When we restricted the fresh new analyses into 12 randomised controlled products of milk products otherwise milk products, by leaving out around three samples from hydroxyapatite, there clearly was absolutely nothing change in the results. Calcium supplements increased BMD anyway five skeletal internet from the 0.7-step 1.4% at the one year (figs 3 and you may cuatro ? ? ), by the 0.8-step 1.5% in the couple of years (figs 5 and you may six ? ? ), and by 0.8-step one.8% at over two and a half years (fig 7 ? ) (list of lifetime of trials try three to five decades).